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European Article Number (EAN-13)

The international standard barcode for retail products worldwide, encoding 13 digits including country code, manufacturer, product, and check digit.

Introduced
1977
Developer
GS1 (formerly EAN International)
Data Capacity
Exactly 13 digits
Character Set
Numeric only (0-9)

What is EAN-13?

EAN-13 is the global standard barcode for retail products. If you've ever bought anything from a store, you've seen an EAN-13 barcode. It's the rectangular barcode printed on virtually every consumer product sold outside North America, and it's also widely used within North America alongside UPC-A. The 13-digit code uniquely identifies products and enables instant checkout at point-of-sale systems worldwide.

History of EAN-13

EAN (European Article Number) was developed in 1977 as a superset of the American UPC system. While UPC was limited to 12 digits, EAN added a 13th digit to accommodate country codes, enabling truly international product identification. The system was created by EAN International (now GS1), a non-profit organization that manages global standards for business communication. Today, EAN-13 is used on over 1 billion products worldwide and is scanned over 6 billion times every day.

How EAN-13 Works

The 13 digits in an EAN-13 barcode are structured as follows: • **Digits 1-3**: GS1 prefix (country/region code or special prefix) • **Digits 4-7 or 4-8**: Company/manufacturer code (assigned by GS1) • **Remaining digits**: Product code (assigned by the manufacturer) • **Last digit**: Check digit (calculated using modulo 10 algorithm) The barcode itself consists of 95 modules organized into left guard, left data, center guard, right data, and right guard patterns. The first digit is encoded in the parity pattern of the left side characters, which is why you see it printed to the left of the bars.

Technical Specifications

Symbology TypeLinear (1D)
Character SetNumeric only (0-9)
Data CapacityExactly 13 digits
Check DigitModulo 10 (mandatory, auto-calculated)
Standard Size37.29mm × 26.26mm (100% magnification)
Magnification Range80% to 200%
Minimum X-Dimension0.264mm at 80% magnification
Quiet Zone11 modules left, 7 modules right

Common Use Cases

Retail Point-of-Sale

The primary use - every retail checkout scanner reads EAN-13 barcodes to identify products and look up prices.

Inventory Management

Track stock levels, manage reordering, and conduct inventory counts using the same codes as checkout.

Supply Chain

Identify products throughout the supply chain from manufacturer to distributor to retailer.

Books (ISBN)

Books use ISBN-13, which is an EAN-13 barcode with the prefix 978 or 979.

Magazines (ISSN)

Periodicals use ISSN encoded as EAN-13 with the prefix 977.

Industries Using EAN-13

RetailConsumer GoodsPublishingFood & BeverageHealthcare (OTC products)Grocery

Advantages & Disadvantages

Advantages

  • Universal recognition - works with every retail scanner worldwide
  • Standardized by GS1 - guaranteed uniqueness when properly assigned
  • Extremely fast scanning at checkout
  • Well-established infrastructure and support
  • Compatible with UPC-A (UPC-A + leading 0 = EAN-13)
  • Required for selling products through major retailers

Disadvantages

  • Numeric only - cannot encode letters or special characters
  • Fixed length - exactly 13 digits, no more, no less
  • Requires GS1 membership to get legitimate company prefix
  • Limited data capacity - only identifies the product, not serialization
  • Annual GS1 membership fees can be costly for small businesses

When to Use EAN-13

Best For

  • Any product sold at retail
  • Products sold internationally
  • Items requiring GS1 compliance
  • Books (as ISBN-13)
  • Products sold through Amazon, Walmart, or other major retailers

Not Recommended For

  • Internal inventory (use Code 128 instead)
  • Serialized tracking (use GS1-128 or 2D codes)
  • Non-product applications
  • Situations where you need alphanumeric data

Frequently Asked Questions

How do I get an EAN-13 barcode for my product?

You need to join GS1 (gs1.org) to get a company prefix. GS1 membership costs vary by country and company size. Once you have a prefix, you can assign product numbers and generate valid EAN-13 codes. Never buy barcodes from third-party resellers - major retailers won't accept them.

What's the difference between EAN-13 and UPC-A?

UPC-A is 12 digits while EAN-13 is 13 digits. However, any UPC-A code can be converted to EAN-13 by adding a leading zero. Most modern scanners read both formats. EAN-13 is the international standard, while UPC-A is primarily used in North America.

Can I make up my own EAN-13 number?

No. EAN-13 numbers must be assigned through GS1 to ensure global uniqueness. Using made-up numbers can cause serious problems in retail systems and may violate GS1 standards. Major retailers require legitimate GS1-assigned codes.

What does the first digit of an EAN-13 mean?

The first 2-3 digits are the GS1 prefix, which indicates the country where the company is registered with GS1 (not where the product is made). For example, 00-13 = USA/Canada, 30-37 = France, 45-49 = Japan, 50 = UK.

Related Barcode Formats

UPC-AEAN-8ISBN-13ISSN

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